_1.jpg)
.jpg)
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PUBLIC GOVERNANCE: PUBLIC DATA SECURITY VULNERABILITIES IN INDONESIA
Abstract
This study examines the implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in public governance in Indonesia, focusing on its potential for service improvement and data security challenges. Governments globally, including in Indonesia, are increasingly utilizing AI for efficiency, policy analysis, and public services. However, increased AI-driven online services heighten the risks to personal data security and privacy, alongside broader cyber threats. Significant concerns about data privacy breaches, lack of transparency, and amplification of bias in AI systems used by governments, which can lead to unfair and discriminatory outcomes. Unregulated or unsupervised AI in government-posing risks such as data privacy breaches, legal non-compliance, operational disruption, and erosion of public trust. The use of AI has led to debates on the use of AI in public governance and its security has been extensively discussed in recent literature across multiple dimensions. Using a literature review method, the analysis shows AI has significant potential to enhance public service efficiency and quality (e.g., via chatbots and data analysis), but its implementation in Indonesia is hindered by infrastructure limitations, human resource capacity, ethical aspects, and data security vulnerabilities. Indonesia faces significant public data security vulnerabilities, marked by frequent data breach incidents and AI-driven cyberattacks, exacerbated by inadequate infrastructure, regulations, and low awareness. The study concludes Indonesia lacks comprehensive AI regulations. Strengthening technical capabilities, improving education, fostering international cooperation, updating legislation, and strict law enforcement are necessary to protect data and ensure responsible AI use in public governance.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abel Uzoka, Emmanuel Cadet, & Pascal Ugochukwu Ojukwu. (2024). Leveraging AI-Powered chatbots to enhance customer service efficiency and future opportunities in automated support. Computer Science & IT Research Journal, 5(10), 2485–2510. https://doi.org/10.51594/csitrj.v5i10.1676
Adam, I., & Fazekas, M. (2021). Are emerging technologies helping win the fight against corruption? A review of the state of evidence. Information Economics and Policy, 57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2021.100950
Adebola Folorunso, Temitope Adewumi, Adeola Adewa, Roy Okonkwo, & Tayo Nathaniel Olawumi. (2024). Impact of AI on cybersecurity and security compliance. Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances, 21(1), 167–184. https://doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2024.21.1.0193
Alhosani, K., & Alhashmi, S. M. (2024). Opportunities, challenges, and benefits of AI innovation in government services: a review. In Discover Artificial Intelligence (Vol. 4, Issue 1). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-024-00111-w
Azzahra, A. (2023). Implementation Of Good Governance in Public Services at Local Government. International Journal of Social Service and Research, 3(7), 1899–1906. https://doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v3i7.594
Bajwa, J., Munir, U., Nori, A., & Williams, B. (2021). Artificial intelligence in healthcare: transforming the practice of medicine. Future Healthcare Journal, 8(2), e188–e194. https://doi.org/10.7861/fhj.2021-0095
Binhammad, M., Alqaydi, S., Othman, A., & Abuljadayel, L. H. (2024). The Role of AI in Cyber Security: Safeguarding Digital Identity. Journal of Information Security, 15(02), 245–278. https://doi.org/10.4236/jis.2024.152015
Bokhari, S., & Myeong, S. (2017). The Influence of Artificial Intelligence on E-Goverment. IEEE Access, xx. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3293480
Borky, J. M., & Bradley, T. H. (2019). Protecting Information with Cybersecurity. In Effective Model-Based Systems Engineering (pp. 345–404). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95669-5_10
Budiawan, F. P., Nuryati, T., Bhayangkara, U., & Raya, J. (2022). Understanding the Implementation of Good Government Governance (GGG) on The Quality of Public Services. https://doi.org/10.38035/jafm.v3i3
Cheong, B. C. (2024). Transparency and accountability in AI systems: safeguarding wellbeing in the age of algorithmic decision-making. Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2024.1421273
Collins, C., Dennehy, D., Conboy, K., & Mikalef, P. (2021). Artificial intelligence in information systems research: A systematic literature review and research agenda. International Journal of Information Management, 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102383
Committee on Artificial Intelligence of the National Science, S., & Council, T. (2019). The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan: 2019 Update. https://www.nitrd.gov/pubs/National-AI-RD-Strategy-2019.pdf
Dawson, C. D. (2019). Artificial Intelligence. https://consult.industry.gov.au/
Dewi, S., & Hidayat, M. W. (2022). Protection of Data Privacy in The Era of Artificial Intelligence in The Financial Sector in Indonesia. Journal of Central Banking Law and Institutions, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.21098/jcli.v1i2.18
Ejjami, R. (2024). Enhancing Cybersecurity through Artificial Intelligence: Techniques, Applications, and Future Perspectives. Journal of Next-Generation Research 5.0. https://doi.org/10.70792/jngr5.0.v1i1.5
Erman, E., & Furendal, M. (2024). Artificial Intelligence and the Political Legitimacy of Global Governance. Political Studies, 72(2), 421–441. https://doi.org/10.1177/00323217221126665
European Commiss ion. (2019). High-Level Expert Group On Artificial Intelligence A Definition Of AI: Main Capabilities And Disciplines Definition developed for the purpose of the AI HLEG’s. https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-
Fikri, A., & Amelia, T. (2024). Indonesia’s Legal Policy on Protecting Personal Data from Artificial Intelligence Abuse. SHS Web of Conferences, 204, 07002. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202420407002
Fjeld, J., Achten, N., Hilligoss, H., Nagy, A. C., & Srikumar, M. (2020). Principled Artificial Intelligence: Mapping Consensus in Ethical and Rights-based Approaches to Principles for AI. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3518482
Gandawidjaja, Y., Bunawan, P., Josua, C., & Purba, F. X. (2025). The Role Of The State Towards Data Protection In The Use Of Artificial In-telligence Through The Cooperation Between Countries In Asean (Vol. 13, Issue 6). https://legal.isha.or.id/index.php/legal/index
George, M. (2008). Elements of Library Research. Princeton University Press. http://pustaka.unp.ac.id/file/abstrak_kki/EBOOKS/LIBRARIES%20The%20Elements%20of%20Library%20Research.pdf
Gerlich, M., Elsayed, W., & Sokolovskiy, K. (2023). Artificial intelligence as toolset for analysis of public opinion and social interaction in marketing: identification of micro and nano influencers. Frontiers in Communication, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2023.1075654
Guntur, M. (2017). Implementation Of Good Governance Principles Based On Transparency, Accountability And Public Participation In Indonesia. https://eprints.unm.ac.id/5808/78/73-Guntur.pdf
Hartanto, M. B., Ikhwan, A., Eko, D., Pramono, H., Sukri, H., & Purnomo, R. F. (2024). Leveraging Artificial Intelligence to Combat Corruption: Innovative Solutions for Transparent Governance. RISTEC : Research in Information Systems and Technology, 5(2). https://journal.institutpendidikan.ac.id/index.php/ristec/article/view/2177
Jada, I., & Mayayise, T. O. (2024). The impact of artificial intelligence on organisational cyber security: An outcome of a systematic literature review. Data and Information Management, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dim.2023.100063
Jaiswal, U. (2022). The Political Justification of Global Governance in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.48175/568
Kabir, S. (2016). Methods Of Data Collection. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325846997
Kulal, A., Rahiman, H. U., Suvarna, H., Abhishek, N., & Dinesh, S. (2024). Enhancing public service delivery efficiency: Exploring the impact of AI. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100329
Leslie, D. (2019). Understanding artificial intelligence ethics and safety. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3240529
Lim, W. M. (2024). What Is Qualitative Research? An Overview and Guidelines. Australasian Marketing Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/14413582241264619
Loi, M., & Spielkamp, M. (2021). Towards Accountability in the Use of Artificial Intelligence for Public Administrations. AIES 2021 - Proceedings of the 2021 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society, 757–766. https://doi.org/10.1145/3461702.3462631
Ma’rup, M., Tobirin, & Ali Rokhman. (2024). Utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Chatbots in Improving Public Services: A Meta-Analysis Study. Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences, 7(4), 1610–1618. https://doi.org/10.37275/oaijss.v7i4.255
Mensah, G. B. (2023). Artificial Intelligence and Ethics: A Comprehensive Review of Bias Mitigation, Transparency, and Accountability in AI Systems. Africa Institute For Regulatory Affairs LBG. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23381.19685/1
Mittelstadt, B. D., Allo, P., Taddeo, M., Wachter, S., & Floridi, L. (2016). The ethics of algorithms: Mapping the debate. Big Data and Society, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716679679
Müller Editor, V. C. (2017). Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics. http://www.springer.com/series/10087
Novelli, C., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2024). Accountability in artificial intelligence: what it is and how it works. AI and Society, 39(4), 1871–1882. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-023-01635-y
OECD. (2024). Restricted Use- A usage restreint. http://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions.
Papagiannidis, E., Mikalef, P., & Conboy, K. (2025). Responsible artificial intelligence governance: A review and research framework. In Journal of Strategic Information Systems (Vol. 34, Issue 2). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2024.101885
PDPC. (2018). Discussion Paper On Artificial Intelligence (AI) And Personal Data-Fostering Responsible Development And Adoption Of AI. https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/help-and-resources/2020/03/discussion-paper-artificial-intelligence-and-personal-data
Pirozzoli, A. (2024). The Human-centric Perspective in the Regulation of Artificial Intelligence; The Human-centric Perspective in the Regulation of Artificial Intelligence. 9(1), 105–116. https://doi.org/10.15166/2499-8249/745
Rodrigues, R. (2020). Legal and human rights issues of AI: Gaps, challenges and vulnerabilities. Journal of Responsible Technology, 4, 100005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrt.2020.100005
Rožman, M., Oreški, D., & Tominc, P. (2023). Artificial-Intelligence-Supported Reduction of Employees’ Workload to Increase the Company’s Performance in Today’s VUCA Environment. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065019
Selten, F., & Klievink, B. (2024). Organizing public sector AI adoption: Navigating between separation and integration. Government Information Quarterly, 41(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101885
Soori, M., Jough, F. K. G., Dastres, R., & Arezoo, B. (2024). AI-Based Decision Support Systems in Industry 4.0, A Review. Journal of Economy and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ject.2024.08.005
Taherdoost, H. (2021). Data Collection Methods and Tools for Research; A Step-by-Step Guide to Choose Data Collection Technique for Academic and Business Research Projects Hamed Taherdoost. Data Collection Methods and Tools for Research; A Step-by-Step Guide to Choose Data Collection Technique for Academic Data Collection Methods and Tools for Research; A Step-by-Step Guide to Choose Data Collection Technique for Academic and Business Research Projects. In International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM) (Vol. 2021, Issue 1). https://hal.science/hal-03741847v1
United Nation. (2024). Governing AI For Humanity. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4062495.
United Nations Educational, S. and C. O. (2021). Certified Copy of the Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence.https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381137
Wadipalapa, R. P., Katharina, R., Nainggolan, P. P., Aminah, S., Apriani, T., Ma’rifah, D., & Anisah, A. L. (2024). An Ambitious Artificial Intelligence Policy in a Decentralised Governance System: Evidence From Indonesia. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 43(1), 65–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/18681034231226393
WHO. (2021). Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence for Health : WHO Guidance. World Health Organization.https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240029200
Xu, Y., Liu, X., Cao, X., Huang, C., Liu, E., Qian, S., Liu, X., Wu, Y., Dong, F., Qiu, C. W., Qiu, J., Hua, K., Su, W., Wu, J., Xu, H., Han, Y., Fu, C., Yin, Z., Liu, M., … Zhang, J. (2021). Artificial intelligence: A powerful paradigm for scientific research. In Innovation (Vol. 2, Issue 4). Cell Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100179
Yuan, L. (2023). CHINA Promoting the Artificial Intelligence for Science approach. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-020-00992-2
Ye, X., Yan, Y., Li, J., & Jiang, B. (2024). Privacy and personal data risk governance for generative artificial intelligence: A Chinese perspective. Telecommunications Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2024.102851
Zuiderwijk, A., Chen, Y. C., & Salem, F. (2021). Implications of the use of artificial intelligence in public governance: A systematic literature review and a research agenda. Government Information Quarterly, 38(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101577
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jkp.v16i1.8779
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jurnal Kebijakan Publik
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.